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Asteroids/Meteors/Meteorites 01 02 03 04
Essays where anthropological cosmology
meet with cosmology in physics
Genesis Project California 2021!
⋅
⋅
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© 2021 By Ian Beardsley"
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED INCLUDING THE RIGHT OF REPRODUCTION IN WHOLE OR IN
PART IN ANY FORM. PUBLISHED BY GENESIS PROJECT!
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Abstract
It would seem the dinosaurs went extinct 65 million years ago because a meteor
impacted the Earth in the Yucatan. This kicked up a lot of dust into the atmosphere
blocking sunlight causing darkness and vegetation to die, only the small mammals were
very successful. It would seem this gave way for humans to evolve from mammals
instead of becoming reptilian. In this sense we might guess much intelligent life in the
universe could be of a Reptilian Nature, if the process by which life happens is Universal.
Can we understand our origins by looking at small rocks that burn-up and make it to the
Earth surface, that originated in the asteroid belt, a place where matter was torn apart
into anything from small pebbles to, meter-wide rocks, to several miles in diameter,
because of its distance from the sun and the spacing of the planets acting on them?
Incredible enough this vast region of small rocks, and large iron-nickel boulders is shown
here to be so deeply connected with the physical constants that arise from the Nature of
the relationships between mass, length, and time in our Universe, that as unfathomable
as it would seem, with these small rocks found on earth we can arrive at some
remarkably accurate results. There is a big mystery surrounding life and it seems to be
connected to the meteors.
Asteroids/Meteors/Meteorites 01"
I had found (Beardsley Essays In Cosmic Archaeology. 2021) where I suggested the idea of
proton seconds, that is six protons-seconds, which is carbon the core element of biological life
if we can figure out a reason to divide out the seconds. I found"
Equation 1. "
Where h is Planck’s constant 6.62607E—34 Js, r_p is the radius of a proton 0.833E-15m, G is
the universal constant of gravitation 6.67408E-11 (Nm2)/(kg2), and c is the speed of light
299,792,459 m/s. And t_1 is t=1 second. is the Sommerfeld constant (or fine structure
constant) is 1/137. The mass of a proton is ."
The fine structure constant squared is the ratio of the potential energy of an electron in the first
circular orbit to the energy given by the mass of an electron in the Bohr model times the speed
of light squared: "
"
Alpha decay is the decay of elements where a helium nucleus is ejected from an element (alpha
particles). This happens with atoms heavier than nickel because the atom has to be heavy
enough that the internal repulsion between protons is high enough that the binding force has
trouble holding them together. However, interestingly beryllium-8 is an exception; it is much
lighter than nickel. Beryllium-8 was determined by Fred Hoyle to make carbon in nuclear
synthesis in stars by combining with helium. He sought to find the process by which carbon is
created because the Universe needs to make it if we are to have life as we know it. "
1
t
1
α
2
m
p
h4πr
2
p
Gc
= 6protons
α
m
p
= 1.67262E − 27kg
α
2
=
U
e
m
e
c
2
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Alpha particles (helium nuclei) have a typical kinetic energy of 5MeV and a speed of 15,000,000
m/s. This is 1.6E-12 Joules and 1.5E7 m/s. Note the defining point here is nickel. This
becomes important because most meteors and asteroids are iron-nickel."
"
This is 1.5E7 meters"
"
The Solar mass is "
"
"
The Earth radius is 6,378km"
"
We have ( )"
"
About 40 pounds. A meteor has to have a size of at least 1 meter in diameter so as not burn up
completely before making it to the ground. That is, the size required for a meteor to become a
meteorite. About 3.3 feet in diameter. By the time it makes it to the ground it is 128-256 grams.
For stony irons, that is a density of 4 g/cm3 which is 4000 kg/m3 by these figures. The average
density of a so-called asteroidal chondritic meteor is 4200 kg/m3. Thus we have:"
"
We have 128 grams is 0.128kg in the lower limit for a meteorite. If we want to temper the
meteorite with the meteor before it burns up in the lower limit for size by using the geometric
mean we have multiplying both sides by two for second planet Venus:"
"
Using an exact value for the mass of the sun:"
1.5E 7
m
s
⋅ (1secon d ) = x
1.6E − 12N ⋅ m
1.5E 7m
= 1.0667E − 19N ≈ 1E − 19Ne wtons
M
⊙
= 1.989E30kg ≈ 2E 30kg
1E − 19kg
m
s
2
⋅
1
2E 30kg
= 5E − 50
m
s
2
M =
ar
2
G
M =
(5E − 50m /s
2
)(6,378,000m)
2
6.67432E − 11
= 3.0E − 26kg
m
p
= 1.67262E − 27kg
M
m
p
= 18.22kg
4
3
π(0.5m)
3
⋅ 4200
kg
m
3
= 2,100kg
4,200 ⋅ 0.17357kg = 27kg
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"
"
This is Venus orbit in astronomical units, which is Venus orbit divided by Earth orbit. Venus is
said to be a failed Earth in that she underwent a runaway greenhouse effect. The chondritic
meteoroid is a meteor that came from the asteroid belt. We currently study the asteroid belt to
catalog asteroid orbits to see if any might be on a trajectory to collide with earth, so we can
knock it off such a trajectory and not suffer the fate of the dinosaurs whose extinction was
brought about by such an asteroid landing in the Yucatan. What this amount to is:"
Equation 2. "
Where E_alpha is the energy of an alpha particle, and v_alpha its velocity. R_e is the radius of
the Earth. And,…"
Equation 3. "
Where the c subscript denotes chondritic meteors. Combining equations 1, 2, and 3 we have"
Equation 4. "
In work of mine (Essays In Cosmic Archaeology Volume Four, 2021) I explained the relationship
between planetary orbits and the primary semiconductor elements silicon (Si) and germanium
(Ge) with the very accurate result (silicon also being the main component of sand)."
Equation 5. "
By molar mass. This gives"
Equation 6: "
See Appendix one for this first section of Asteroids/Meteors/Meteorites for the calculations. "
M
m
p
= 19.54kg
19.54kg
27kg
= 0.72
E
α
v
α
t
1
⋅
1
M
⊙
R
2
e
G
⋅
1
m
p
= 19.54kg/s
4R
3
c
M
m
⋅ ρ
c
= 27kg
E
α
v
α
1
t
1
R
E
2
M
⊙
1
Gm
p
4R
3
c
ρ
c
M
m
=
19.54
27
= 0.72
1
Ge
2
2SiGe +
Si
3
Ge
1 +
Si
2
Ge
2
= 0.72
E
α
v
α
1
t
1
R
E
2
M
⊙
1
Gm
p
4R
3
c
ρ
c
M
m
=
1
Ge
2
2SiGe +
Si
3
Ge
1 +
Si
2
Ge
2
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Discussion: It would seem these small rocks that must be at least a meter in diameter
(meteors) to make it to the earth without burning up, and that we can find on the surface
on the average 0.128 kg to 0.256 kg can allow us to probe into some deep questions:
Does life evolve by a common process throughout the universe (We we see the meteors
are described by 6 proton-seconds and 6 protons is carbon, the core element of life on
earth)? Was Earth hit by a large meteor several miles across so the Dinosaurs would go
extinct giving way to mammalian, upright life with an opposable thumb to evolve into
existence? Or, are we a chance fluke? Or, does this happen on other planets evolving
throughout the universe quite often? Is there intelligent reptilian life throughout the
universe and if so how much would be reptilian and how much mammalian. If not, why
did the dinosaurs come into existence if whatever was responsible for life on earth was
to make our solar system such that an asteroid would bring about their extinction. Are
there intelligent life forms other than reptilian and mammalian throughout the universe,
or that is not based on carbon? As we shall see, while we cannot answer these
questions, we can however, develop further causes in asteroids/meteors/meteorites 02.
Interestingly t=t1=1 seconds are used in both equation 1 and equation 4 connecting
carbon the core element of life to the meteors.
Asteroids/Meteors/Meteorites 02"
If we can get down to this kind of accuracy for Venus orbit using earth size, the mass of the
sun, the lowest energy orbit in the Bohr atom (fine structure constant) through the lower limit of
a meteor to make it to earth surface (become a meteorite) for these small rocks in the asteroid
belt using proton-seconds like this, the proton-seconds might be useful for modeling the solar
system, which has so many complex unmanageable amounts of factors. In essence these
equations outline an approach. Might even be able to use the Schrödinger wave-equation with
these small rocks in the asteroid belt to determine the probability of asteroids being in the earth
region of space at a given time. "
We have the Schrödinger wave equation is
We must solve it for psi and find psi squared.. "
"
Which is "
"
Because psi is a complex function, so we must multiply it with its complex conjugate and take
the absolute value. To find psi for a region around the earth between the distance from the
earth to the moon all the way around the sun; Near earth objects (NEO’s) are classified by such
a region around the earth, would be very difficult to do for the meteors in the asteroid belt a
meter in diameter as used in my calculations considering them as very small quanta
comprising a cloud like electron clouds in an atom, compared to the size of planets, moons,
and asteroids. However there may be another avenue. We have a data estimate. "
iℏ
∂ψ
∂t
=
(
ℏ ∇
2
2 m
+ V ( r )
)
ψ ( r, t)
ψ (x, y, z)
2
d xdyd z
ψ
2
= [ψ (x, y, z, y)][ψ*(x, y . z, t)]
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The Earth is hit by about 6,100 meteors a year that are large enough to make it to the ground,
which is about 17 everyday according to Gonzalo Tancredi an astronomer at the University of
the Republic in Montevideo, Uruguay. He arrived at this from a database that says that in the
last 95 years 95 people have observed the rare event where a large meteor the size of a
minivan have entered the atmosphere and broke up into small rocks that showered the sky,
many of them landing on rooftops, which is about 8 per year. To arrive at his figure of 6,100 he
reasoned that people only inhabit 0.44% of the Earth’s land area which is 0.13% of it surface
area and therefore for every observed impact another 770 that impact the Earth go
unobserved. "
Thus 6,100 meteors a year is a frequency of (6100)/(365 days)(24 hrs)(60 min)(60 sec)=(6100)/
(31536000 seconds per year). This is a frequency of 0.0002 meteors per second. "
"
Is the frequency we can use in plank’s equation%
"
I first estimated our asteroid of radius (0.5 m) to be 2,200 kg. Which gave"
"
The average orbital velocity of an asteroid in the asteroid belt is about 40km per second. Thus
for a Planck constant for sizes on the order of meteors we suggest there exists some distance
between the asteroid belt at its outer edge at 3.2AU and the outer reaches of the solar system
at Pluto average orbit of 39.5AU. We arrive at it by taking the geometric mean between these
two distances (foot note 1):
"
1
"
This corresponds to an orbital velocity of"
"
"
The rotational kinetic energy of the Earth is"
ν = (2E − 4) ⋅ s
−1
1
2
mv
2
= E = hυ
h =
1,100
0.0002
v
2
(3.2)(39.5) = 22AU
v
2
=
GM
⊙
3.31868E15m
= 40,000 m
2
/s
2
h = 5,500,000(40,000) = 2.2E11J ⋅ s
What I mean by this is 39.5-22=17.5 and 17.5+3.2 is approximately 22 where 3.2 is the
1
asteroid belt. This is further interesting in that this reconciles the harmonic mean with
arithmetic mean for Mars orbit which is 1.5. The harmonic mean is 2(39.5)(22)/(39.5+22)=28.26.
28.26-3.2=25 and (22+25)/2=23.5. And, 23.5-1.5=22. The asteroid belt is the first orbit after
Mars.
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"
Which is 2.138E29J. This corresponds to an upsilon of"
"
This is the frequency of X-rays which have a wavelength of"
"
This corresponds to the kinetic energy of an electron using it as the de Broglie wavelength of"
"
This interesting in light of the Richardson Effect. Electrons can be emitted from metals. This is
modeled by considering them in some kind of a potential well created by the ions which
depends on the structure of the metal. The modeling can be done such that the potential of the
electron moving in the metal is a constant -W until it reaches the surface at which point W is
zero and any electron here whose kinetic energy due to its motion if perpendicular to the
surface is greater than the barrier potential W will escape. Emission of electrons from a metal
occurs at high temperatures resulting in this effect called the thermionic effect or photoelectric
effect. Thermionic emission (The Richardson Effect) ."
But the interesting thing is we don’t have to calculate W, but can determine it experi- mentally
by looking at the refractive index of a metal for de Broglie waves associated with an electron
beam hitting the metal whose initial kinetic energy is E. The refractive index is"
"
Measuring diffraction values for different values of E we can derive W. Davisson and Germer in
1927 derived that and found for Tungsten W should be 13.5eV but measurements show it is =
4.5eV . But the quantum statistical formula works because the depth of the quantum well W
minus the fermi energy ✏
F
= 9eV for tungsten is 13.5-9=4.5eV. In the case of nickel (Ni) the
experimental result is 5.0eV and the theoretical result for the Fermi level is 11.8eV gives
potential well depth W of 16.8 eV. Experimental diffraction of electrons on nickel result in (17
+/- 1) eV. This is our energy from the de Broglie wavelength that corresponds to our Planck
constant for the material in the asteroid belt. "
"
Most meteors are iron-nickel meteors.!
K =
1
2
Iω
2
υ = E /h = 2.138E 29J/2.2E11Js = 9.72E17s
−1
λ =
299792458m /s
9.72E17s
−
1
= 3E − 10 = 0.3nm
K =
h
2
2m λ
2
= 16.8eV
n =
λ
in
λ
out
=
(
E + W
E
)
1/2
K =
h
2
2m λ
2
= 16.8eV
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Asteroids/Meteors/Meteorites 03"
Concerning equation 5:"
"
Why are the meteors connected to silicon equation 6:"
"
Through venus. Silicon actually appears in many meteors as (silicates). The types of meteors
are:"
There are three types of meteorites: 1. Iron meteorites%
2. Stony- iron meteorites%
3. Stony meteorites "
The Iron meteorites are mostly Iron-nickel metal with small amounts of sulphide and carbide
minerals. This is the element nickel (Ni) so prominent in our calculations. Meteors seem to have
a similar structure to the terrestrial planets Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars in that they have
an iron core and concentric layers surrounded by a silicate mantle and crust. Thus meteorites
are studied to tell us about how the terrestrial planets might have formed. If we look at stars on
the main sequence we find their luminosity is given by: "
"
Where L is the luminosity of a star in solar luminosities and M is its mass in solar masses. I find
it interesting that in molar mass 3.5=Au/Fe where Au is gold=196.96 g/mol and Fe is iron=55.85
g/mol. Thus we have "
"
We consider the protoplanetary disc from which the planets formed. First we form a table of
the masses of the planets."
"
1
Ge
2
2SiGe +
Si
3
Ge
1 +
Si
2
Ge
2
= 0.72
E
α
v
α
1
t
1
R
E
2
M
⊙
1
Gm
p
4R
3
c
ρ
c
M
m
=
1
Ge
2
2SiGe +
Si
3
Ge
1 +
Si
2
Ge
2
L = M
3.5
L = M
Au/Fe
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"
Taking the protoplanetary disc as a thin disc we integrate from its center to the edge, with
density decreasing linearly to zero at the edge. Thus, if the density function is given by"
"
And, our integral is"
"
Si + Ge
2
=
2.33 + 5.323
2
= 3.8265g/cm
3
ρ(r) = ρ
0
(
1 −
r
R
)
M =
∫
2π
0
∫
R
0
ρ
0
(
1 −
r
R
)
rdrdθ
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"
"
The mass of the solar system adding up all the planets yields"
"
That accounts for"
82% of the mass of the solar system not including the sun, that is, of the
protoplanetary disc surrounding the sun."
Using germanium alone, we get,"
"
If we weight the mixture of silicon and germanium as 1/3 and 2/3, then we have"
"
Which is very close."
93%"
This is all very good, because I only used the planets and asteroids."
Weighting silicon and germanium as 1/4 and 3/4 we have"
"
Which accounts for"
98%"
Of the mass of the solar system (very accurate)."
This mixture of 1/4 to 3/4 is a combination that exists in the Earth atmosphere which is
approximately the mixture of oxygen to nitrogen. The earth atmosphere can be considered a
mixture of chiefly O2 and N2 in these proportions:"
M =
πρ
0
R
2
3
π(3.8265)(7.4 × 10
14
)
2
3
= 2.194 × 10
30
gra ms
M = 2.668 × 10
30
gra ms
2.194
2.668
100 =
π(5.323)(7.4 × 10
14
)
2
3
= 3.05 × 10
30
gra ms
π(4.32467)(7.4 × 10
14
)
2
3
= 2.48 × 10
30
gra ms
2.48
2.668
100 =
π(4.4 . 57475)(7.4 × 10
14
)
2
3
= 2.623 × 10
30
gra ms
2.623
2.668
100 =
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Air is about 25% oxygen gas (O2) by volume and 75% nitrogen gas (N2) by volume meaning
the molar mass of air as a mixture is:"
"
By molar mass the ratio of air to H20 (water) is about the golden ratio:"
"
I am not saying the solar system was a thin disk with density of the weighted mean somewhere
between silicon and germanium, but that it can be modeled as such, though if the
protoplanetary disk that eclipses epsilon aurigae every 27 years is any indication of what a
protoplanetary cloud is like, it is a thin disk in the sense that it is about 1 AU thick and 10 AU in
diameter. This around a star orbiting another star."
But further why not consider the value t1=1 second that connects the carbon of life to the
meteors?"
The second does have meaning especially in connection with life. By dividing the day into 24
hours, the hour into 60 minutes, and the minute into 60 seconds, the second is 1/86400 of day.
By doing this we have a twelve-hour daytime at spring and fall equinox on the equator, 12
being the most divisible number for its size (smallest abundant number). That is to say that
twelve is evenly divisible by 1,2,3,4,6 which precede it and 1+2+3+4+6=16 is greater than
twelve. As such there is about one moon per 30 days and about 12 moons per year (per each
orbit) giving us a twelve-month calendar. This is all further convenient in that the moon and
earth are in very close to circular orbits and the circle is evenly divisible by 30, 45, 60, and 120
if we divide the circle into 360 degrees which are special angles very useful to the workings of
physics and geometry. Further, the 360 degrees of a circle are about the 365 days of a year
(period of one earth orbit) so as such the earth moves through about a degree a day in its
journey around the sun. Thus, through these observations down through the ages since ancient
times we have constructed the duration of a second wisely enough to make a lot work
together. Now we see 6 protons, which is carbon the core element of biological life on the
planet where all of this came together is deeply connected with the second that defines it all. "
Asteroids/Meteors/Meteorites 04"
I now combine equation 1:"
"
With equation 4 to eliminate t1:"
"
0.25O
2
+ 0.75N
2
≈ air
air
H
2
O
≈ Φ
1
t
1
α
2
m
p
h4πr
2
p
Gc
= 6protons
E
α
v
α
1
t
1
R
E
2
M
⊙
1
Gm
p
4R
3
c
ρ
c
M
m
= 0.72
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And we get:"
Equation 7: "
"
Where"
"
Is the geometric mean between the masses of the average chondritic meteor and their
meteorite."
This is an interesting example of though you get two different answers 6 protons and 8 protons
and neutrons (mass of a neutron equals mass of a proton), it is still the correct result. 8 protons
is beryllium-8 which is what stars uses to make carbon by combining it with helium to get
6+4=12=carbon-12. In other words since you need beryllium-8 to make carbon and carbon is
the basis of life as we know it, the meteorites are once again connected with life. The reason is
when you combine two different estimates for t1 you get a slightly different answer, Equation 1
is very accurate t1=1 second gives exactly 6 protons. Equation 7 is actually 8.33 protons. See
appendix two where I have done all of the calculations a second time, and the dimensional
analysis to make sure they produce the right units. Equation 5:"
"
Is exact as well being exactly 0.72 astronomical units which is the the average orbital distance
of Venus from the sun (See appendix 2 again). It may be that the play in range from 6 protons
to 8 protons from carbon to beryllium-8, corresponds to a region of for play in t1= 1 second,
and in the average size of a meteor. Which makes sense because we are dealing with a
complex belt of small pebbles, to meteors meters in diameter, to even miles across. It is
amazing how the data for such complex collection of debris actually pans out in the above
equations for mass of sun, radius of earth,…etc."
8protons =
v
α
E
α
⋅
M
⊙
R
2
E
⋅
¯
G(M
c
, M
m
)
α
2
h4πr
2
p
G
c
¯
G(M
c
, M
m
) = 4R
3
c
ρ
c
M
m
1
Ge
2
2SiGe +
Si
3
Ge
1 +
Si
2
Ge
2
= 0.72
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Appendix 1!
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"
Appendix 2!
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Author: Ian Beardsley"
